@article{10.25259/AJS_14_2019, title = {Sonographic Features of Chronic Kidney Disease in Agricultural Community in Sri Lanka}, author = {Bandara, Muditha S. and Gurunayaka, Buddika and Lakraj, Gamage Pemanatha and Pallewatte, Aruna and Siribaddana, Sisira and Wansapura, Janaka}, abstract = { Objectives: The aim of this study was to use ultrasound-based kidney morphological features to classify chronic kidney disease (CKD) in an agricultural community in Sri Lanka where there is a high prevalence of CKD with unknown etiology. Materials and Methods: A cohort of CKD patients (\textit{n} = 50) and healthy subjects (\textit{n} = 26) underwent B-mode renal ultrasound. CKD patients were further categorized as those clinically diagnosed with diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and other known causes (\textit{n} = 30) and those of unknown etiology (\textit{n} = 20). Following kidney morphological features were calculated: Length (LEN), width (WDTH), cortical thickness, volume (VOL), and shape index. Results: CKD kidneys of both groups were significantly smaller than the healthy kidneys (\textit{P} < 0.001). Based on a random forest procedure, the top three influential features that distinguished CKD kidneys from healthy kidneys were: VOL normalized to waist circumference (CKD = 0.6 ± 0.2 cm\textsuperscript{2}, healthy = 0.9 ± 0.2 cm\textsuperscript{2}), VOL normalized to body surface area (CKD = 36 ± 9 cm\textsuperscript{3}/m\textsuperscript{2}, healthy = 52 ± 13 cm\textsuperscript{3}/m\textsuperscript{2}), and WDTH (CKD = 3.6 ± 0.5 cm, healthy = 4.3 ± 0.6 cm). Patients with CKD of unknown etiology had higher kidney LEN and VOL normalized to height (HGHT) (LEN/HGHT = 0.58 ± 0.05 cm/m, VOL/HGHT = 0.40 ± 0.09 cm\textsuperscript{3}/m, \textit{P} < 0.05) compared to those of the known etiology group (LEN/HGHT = 0.51 ± 0.09 cm/m, VOL/HGHT = 0.30 ± 0.10 cm\textsuperscript{3}/m). Conclusion: The study shows that ultrasound-based kidney volume can distinguish healthy versus diseased kidneys as well as CKD of known versus unknown etiology. Normalizing for height is required when comparing diseased groups. }, volume = 4, pages = {1}, journal = {American Journal of Sonography}, issn = {2572-4711}, issn = {2572-472X}, url = {https://doi.org/10.25259/AJS_14_2019}, doi = {10.25259/AJS_14_2019} }